Approximately 170 million people worldwide have the Hepatitis C Virus (HCV). Antiviral therapy with pegylated interferon alfa and ribavirin as a combination is the foundation for preventing HCV infection sequelae. To identify infection, direct treatment choices, and gauge the virological response to antiviral therapy, the use of serological and virological assays has grown to be crucial in the management of HCV infection. For the diagnosis of acute and chronic hepatitis C, anti-HCV antibody and HCV RNA tests are employed. Since the HCV genotype affects the indication, the course of treatment, the dosage of ribavirin, and the method of virological surveillance, it is important to systematically determine the genotype before starting treatment. Hepatocellular carcinoma and liver cirrhosis are primarily brought on by chronic hepatitis C globally. Although there are few treatment options available right now, research into the molecular virology of hepatitis C has helped identify new antiviral targets. In addition, model systems for testing new therapeutic approaches in vivo and in vitro have been developed. HCV RNA monitoring during therapy is used to adjust the length of treatment for HCV genotype 1 infections, and molecular assays are used to evaluate the end of treatment and, most significantly, the sustained virological response, or the therapy’s endpoint. Both acute and persistent infections are brought on by the Hepatitis C Virus (HCV). The majority of acute HCV infections do not develop into life-threatening conditions and are typically asymptomatic. Within 6 months of infection without receiving any therapy, 30% (15%–45%) of infected individuals naturally eliminate the virus.
